-
1 Goulding, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1791 Massachusetts, USA d. 1877[br]American inventor of an early form of condenser carding machine.[br]The condenser method of spinning was developed chiefly by manufacturers and machine makers in eastern Massachusetts between 1824 and 1826. John Goulding, a machinist from Dedham in Massachusetts, combined the ring doffer, patented by Ezekiel Hale in 1825, and the revolving twist tube, patented by George Danforth in 1824; with the addition of twisting keys in the tubes, the carded woollen sliver could be divided and then completely and continuously twisted. He divided the carded web longitudinally with the ring doffer and twisted these strips to consolidate them into slubbings. The dividing was carried out by covering the periphery of the doffer cylinder with separate rings of card clothing and spacing these rings apart by rings of leather, so that instead of width-way detached strips leaving the card, the strips were continuous and did not require piecing. The strips were passed through rotating tubes and wound on bobbins, and although the twist was false it sufficed to compress the fibres together ready for spinning. Goulding patented his invention in both Britain and the USA in 1826, but while his condensers were very successful and within twenty years had been adopted by a high proportion of woollen mills in America, they were not adopted in Britain until much later. Goulding also worked on other improvements to woollen machinery: he developed friction drums, on which the spools of roving from the condenser cards were placed to help transform the woollen jenny into the woollen mule or jack.[br]Bibliography1826, British patent no. 5,355 (condenser carding machine).Further ReadingD.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (provides a good explanation of the development of the condenser card).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a brief account).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (a brief account).RLH -
2 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing -
3 Fairbairn, Sir Peter
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. September 1799 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotlandd. 4 January 1861 Leeds, Yorkshire, England[br]British inventor of the revolving tube between drafting rollers to give false twist.[br]Born of Scottish parents, Fairbairn was apprenticed at the age of 14 to John Casson, a mill-wright and engineer at the Percy Main Colliery, Newcastle upon Tyne, and remained there until 1821 when he went to work for his brother William in Manchester. After going to various other places, including Messrs Rennie in London and on the European continent, he eventually moved in 1829 to Leeds where Marshall helped him set up the Wellington Foundry and so laid the foundations for the colossal establishment which was to employ over one thousand workers. To begin with he devoted his attention to improving wool-weaving machinery, substituting iron for wood in the construction of the textile machines. He also worked on machinery for flax, incorporating many of Philippe de Girard's ideas. He assisted Henry Houldsworth in the application of the differential to roving frames, and it was to these machines that he added his own inventions. The longer fibres of wool and flax need to have some form of support and control between the rollers when they are being drawn out, and inserting a little twist helps. However, if the roving is too tightly twisted before passing through the first pair of rollers, it cannot be drawn out, while if there is insufficient twist, the fibres do not receive enough support in the drafting zone. One solution is to twist the fibres together while they are actually in the drafting zone between the rollers. In 1834, Fairbairn patented an arrangement consisting of a revolving tube placed between the drawing rollers. The tube inserted a "middle" or "false" twist in the material. As stated in the specification, it was "a well-known contrivance… for twisting and untwisting any roving passing through it". It had been used earlier in 1822 by J. Goulding of the USA and a similar idea had been developed by C.Danforth in America and patented in Britain in 1825 by J.C. Dyer. Fairbairn's machine, however, was said to make a very superior article. He was also involved with waste-silk spinning and rope-yarn machinery.Fairbairn later began constructing machine tools, and at the beginning of the Crimean War was asked by the Government to make special tools for the manufacture of armaments. He supplied some of these, such as cannon rifling machines, to the arsenals at Woolwich and Enfield. He then made a considerable number of tools for the manufacture of the Armstrong gun. He was involved in the life of his adopted city and was elected to Leeds town council in 1832 for ten years. He was elected an alderman in 1854 and was Mayor of Leeds from 1857 to 1859, when he was knighted by Queen Victoria at the opening of the new town hall. He was twice married, first to Margaret Kennedy and then to Rachel Anne Brindling.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1858.Bibliography1834, British patent no. 6,741 (revolving tube between drafting rollers to give false twist).Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.Obituary, 1861, Engineer 11.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a brief account of Fairbairn's revolving tube).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vols IV and V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides details of Fairbairn's silk-dressing machine and a picture of a large planing machine built by him).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
John Martin Crawford — is a Canadian serial killer.CrimesHe was sentenced in 1981 to 10 years imprisonment for manslaughter in the killing of Mary Jane Serloin, in Lethbridge, Alberta. Goulding, 2001] While under police surveillance, Crawford sexually assaulted Theresa … Wikipedia
Goulding's Trading Post — Goulding s [http://www.gouldings.com/] is a lodge, trading post, and museum located just north of the Arizona Utah border, adjacent to the Navajo Tribal Park in Monument Valley. Harry Goulding introduced director John Ford to Monument Valley… … Wikipedia
John van Druten — John Van Druten, par Carl van Vechten, en 1932 John Van Druten était un dramaturge, metteur en scène de théâtre, scénariste et écrivain naturalisé américain, d origine britannique, né John William Van Druten à … Wikipédia en Français
John Van Druten — John Van Druten, par Carl van Vechten, en 1932 John Van Druten est un dramaturge, metteur en scène de théâtre, scénariste et écrivain naturalisé américain, d origine britannique, né John William Van Druten à Londres (Angleterre … Wikipédia en Français
John Barrymore — a los cuarenta años de edad (en 1922) Nombre real John Sidney Blythe Barrymore Nacimiento 15 de febrero de 1882 … Wikipedia Español
John Gilbert (Schauspieler) — John Gilbert (bürgerlicher Name: John Cecil Pringle; * 10. Juli 1899 in Logan, Utah, USA; † 9. Januar 1936 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US amerikanischer Filmschauspieler. Er war vor allem an der Seite von Greta Garbo einer der größten… … Deutsch Wikipedia
John Halliday — Avec Katharine Hepburn, dans Indiscrétions (1940) Données clés No … Wikipédia en Français
John Mikaelsson — John Frederik Mikaelsson (né le 6 décembre 1913 à Kristinehamn mort le 16 juin 1987 à Placer County, en Californie) est un athlète suédois spécialiste de la marche athlétique. Vainqueur des Championnats d Europe de 1946 d Oslo … Wikipédia en Français
John Payne (acteur) — John Payne (John Howard Payne) est un acteur américain né à Roanoke (Virginie) États Unis, le 23 mai 1912 et décédé le 6 décembre 1989 à Malibu, (Californie) États Unis. Filmographie sélective Cinéma 1936 : Dodsworth de William Wyler… … Wikipédia en Français
John Joe McGirl — (25 March 1921 – 8 December 1988) was an Irish republican, and former chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army.Born and raised in Ballinamore, County Leitrim, McGirl became involved with the IRA in the 1940s. In 1946, he was arrested along… … Wikipedia
John Martin Crawford — Pour l’article homonyme, voir Crawford. John Martin Crawford Information Surnom(s) … Wikipédia en Français
